Skip to content

Search

Search for:

Swiss Policy Research

Geopolitics and Media

Menu

English

Studien

SRF / ZDF

NZZ-Studie

Agenturen

Medienmatrix

Analysen

Navigator

Techniken

Wikipedia

Kriege

Netzwerke

Schweiz

Deutschland

Österreich

USA

Fokus I

Journalistenbericht

Russische Propaganda

Die »Israel-Lobby«

Pädokriminalität

Fokus II

Mediennutzung

Integrity Initiative

Migration & Medien

Magnitsky Act

Corona

Fakten

Studien

Behandlung

Masken

Projekt

Kontakt

Seitenübersicht

Kritik an SPR

Leserbriefe

Open Search

Are Face Masks Effective? The Evidence.

Updated: October 25, 2020; Published: July 30, 2020

Share on: Twitter / Facebook

An overview of the current evidence regarding the effectiveness of face masks.

1. Studies on the effectiveness of face masks

So far, most studies found little to no evidence for the effectiveness of cloth face masks in the general population, neither as personal protective equipment nor as a source control.

A May 2020 meta-study on pandemic influenza published by the US CDC found that face masks had no effect, neither as personal protective equipment nor as a source control. (Source)

A July 2020 review by the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medince found that there is no evidence for the effectiveness of cloth masks against virus infection or transmission. (Source)

A Covid-19 cross-country study by the University of East Anglia found that a mask requirement was of no benefit and could even increase the risk of infection. (Source)

An April 2020 review by two US professors in respiratory and infectious disease from the University of Illinois concluded that face masks have no effect in everyday life, neither as self-protection nor to protect third parties (so-called source control). (Source)

An article in the New England Journal of Medicine from May 2020 came to the conclusion that cloth face masks offer little to no protection in everyday life. (Source)

An April 2020 Cochrane review (preprint) found that face masks didn’t reduce influenza-like illness (ILI) cases, neither in the general population nor in health care workers. (Source)

An April 2020 review by the Norwich School of Medicine (preprint) found that “the evidence is not sufficiently strong to support widespread use of facemasks”, but supports the use of masks by “particularly vulnerable individuals when in transient higher risk situations.” (Source)

A July 2020 study by Japanese researchers found that cloth masks “offer zero protection against coronavirus” due to their large pore size and generally poor fit. (Source)

A 2015 study in the British Medical Journal BMJ Open found that cloth masks were penetrated by 97% of particles and may increase infection risk by retaining moisture or repeated use. (Source)

An August 2020 review by a German professor in virology, epidemiology and hygiene found that there is no evidence for the effectiveness of cloth face masks and that the improper daily use of masks by the public may in fact lead to an increase in infections. (Source)

Additional aspects

There is increasing evidence that the SARS-2 coronavirus is transmitted, at least in indoor settings, not only by droplets but also by smaller aerosols. However, due to their large pore size and poor fit, cloth masks cannot filter out aerosols (see video analysis below): over 90% of aerosols penetrate or bypass the mask and fill a medium-sized room within minutes.

The WHO admitted to the BBC that its June 2020 mask policy update was due not to new evidence but “political lobbying”: “We had been told by various sources WHO committee reviewing the evidence had not backed masks but they recommended them due to political lobbying. This point was put to WHO who did not deny.” (D. Cohen, BBC Medical Corresponent).

An analysis by the US CDC found that 85% of people infected with the new coronavirus reported wearing a mask “always” (70.6%) or “often” (14.4%). Compared to the control group of uninfected people, always wearing a mask did not reduce the risk of infection.

Japan, despite its widespread use of face masks, experienced its most recent influenza epidemic with more than 5 million people falling ill just one year ago, in January and February 2019. However, unlike SARS-CoV-2, the influenza virus is easily transmitted by children, too.

Many states that introduced mandatory face masks on public transport and in shops in spring, such as Hawaii, California, Argentina, Spain, France, Japan and Israel, saw a strong increase in infections from July onwards, indicating a low effectiveness of mask policies. (More examples)

Austrian scientists found that the introduction, retraction and re-introduction of a face mask mandate in Austria had no influence on the coronavirus infection rate.

In the US state of Kansas, the 90 counties without mask mandates had lower coronavirus infection rates than the 15 counties with mask mandates. To hide this fact, the Kansas health department tried to manipulate the official statistics and data presentation.

Contrary to common belief, studies in hospitals found that the wearing of a medical mask by surgeons during operations didn’t reduce post-operative bacterial wound infections in patients.

During the notorious 1918 influenza pandemic, the use of cloth face masks among the general population was widespread and in some places mandatory, but they made no difference.

Asian countries with low covid infection and death rates benefited not from face masks but mainly from early border closures. This is confirmed by Scandinavian countries like Norway, Finland and Denmark, which didn’t introduce mask mandates but closed borders early and saw very low covid infection and death rates, too.

Researchers from the University of Minnesota found that the infectious dose of SARS-CoV-2 is just 300 virions (viral particles), whereas a single minute of normal speaking may generate more than 750,000 virions, making cloth face masks unlikely to prevent an infectious dose.

To date, the only randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of face masks against covid infection in a community setting was done in Denmark. According to press reports, it found no effect of face masks, but the publication of the study has been denied by three major journals.

Development of cases after mask mandates

In many states, infections began to increase after mask mandates were introduced. The following chart shows the very typical example of France. Other examples include California, Florida, Hawaii, Argentina, Peru, the Philippines, Spain, Italy, the UK, Israel, Japan, Switzerland and many more.

France: Masks and infections (SPF)

Dr. Theodore Noel explains the facemask aerosol issue

2. Studies claiming face masks are effective

Some recent studies argued that cloth face masks are indeed effective against the new coronavirus and could at least prevent the infection of other people. However, most of these studies suffer from poor methodology and sometimes show the opposite of what they claim.

Typically, these studies ignore the effect of other measures, the natural development of infection numbers, changes in test activity, or they compare countries with very different conditions.

An overview:

A meta-study in the journal Lancet, commissioned by the WHO, claimed that masks “could” lead to a reduction in the risk of infection, but the studies considered mainly N95 respirators in a hospital setting, not cloth masks in a community setting, the strength of the evidence was reported as “low”, and experts found numerous flaws in the study. Professor Peter Jueni, epidemiologist at the University of Toronto, called the WHO study “essentially useless”.

A study in the journal PNAS claimed that masks had led to a decrease in infections in three global hotspots (including New York City), but the study did not take into account the natural decrease in infections and other simultaneous measures. The study was so flawed that over 40 scientists recommended that the study be withdrawn.

A German study claimed that the introduction of mandatory face masks in German cities had led to a decrease in infections. But the data does not support this claim: in some cities there was no change, in others a decrease, in others an increase in infections (see graph below). The city of Jena was an ‘exception’ only because it simultaneously introduced the strictest quarantine rules in Germany, but the study did not mention this.

A US study claimed that mandatory masks had led to a decrease in infections in 15 states, but the study did not take into account that the infection rate was already declining in most states at that time, and a comparison with other states was not made. After the study was published, infections began to increase in states with mask mandates (e.g. in California, Florida and Hawaii).

A Canadian study claimed that countries with mandatory masks had fewer deaths than countries without mandatory masks. But the study compared African, Latin American, Asian and Eastern European countries with very different infection rates and population structures.

A small review by the University of Oxford claimed that face masks are effective, but it was based on studies about SARS-1 and in health care settings, not in community settings.

Mandatory masks in German cities: no relevant impact. (IZA 2020)

3. Risks associated with face masks

Wearing masks for a prolonged period of time is not harmless, as the following evidence shows:

The WHO warns of various “side effects” such as difficulty breathing and skin rashes.

Tests conducted by the University Hospital of Leipzig in Germany have shown that face masks significantly reduce the resilience and performance of healthy adults.

A German psychological study with about 1000 participants found “severe psychosocial consequences” due to the introduction of mandatory face masks in Germany.

The Hamburg Environmental Institute warned of the inhalation of chlorine compounds in polyester masks as well as problems in connection with face mask disposal.

The European rapid alert system RAPEX has already recalled 70 mask models because they did not meet EU quality standards and could lead to “serious risks”.

In Germany, two 13-year-old children died suddenly while wearing a mask for a prolonged period of time; autopsies couldn’t exclude CO2 intoxication or a sudden cardiac arrest.

In China, several children who had to wear a mask during sports classes fainted and died; the autopsies found a sudden cardiac arrest as the probable cause of death.

In the US, a car driver wearing an N95 (FFP2) mask fainted and crashed into a pole.

Conclusion

Cloth face masks in the general population might be effective, at least in some circumstances, but there is currently little to no evidence supporting this proposition. If the SARS-2 virus is indeed transmitted via indoor aerosols, cloth masks are unlikely to be protective. Health authorities should therefore not assume or suggest that cloth face masks will reduce the rate or risk of infection.

See also

Facts about Covid-19

Studies on Covid-19 lethality

On the treatment of Covid-19

Share on: Twitter / Facebook

Swiss Policy Research

Kontakt

Übersicht

RSS-Feed

Disclaimer

English

About Us / Contact

Facts about Covid-19

The Media Navigator

The CFR and The Media

Follow by email

Email Address

Follow

WordPress.com.

Up ↑

FooBox
…

Site Search

Search

FiltersShow filters

RelevanceNewestOldest

Found 217 results

Are Face Masks Effective? The Evidence.

face-masks-evidence

An overview of the current evidence regarding the effectiveness of face masks.

Fakten zu Covid-19

fakten-zu-covid-19

Von Fachleuten präsentierte, vollständig referenzierte Fakten zu Covid-19, die unseren Lesern eine realistische Risikobeurteilung ermöglichen sollen.

Facts about Covid-19

facts-about-covid-19

Fully referenced facts about Covid-19, provided by experts in the field, to help our readers make a realistic risk assessment.

Studies on Covid-19 Lethality

studies-on-covid-19-lethality

Covid-19 infection fatality rates (IFR) based on antibody studies.

Covid: The Big Picture in 7 Charts

covid-the-big-picture-in-7-charts

Seven charts showing the covid big picture.

About Us / Contact

contact

Swiss Policy Research (SPR), founded in 2016, is an independent, nonpartisan and nonprofit research group investigating geopolitical propaganda in Swiss and international media. SPR is composed of independent academics and receives no external funding.

On the Treatment of Covid-19

on-the-treatment-of-covid-19

A Covid-19 early treatment protocol.

WHO Mask Study Seriously Flawed

who-mask-study-seriously-flawed

The WHO-commissioned meta-study on the effectiveness of facemasks is seriously flawed and should be retracted.

The Trouble With PCR Tests

the-trouble-with-pcr-tests

Already in mid-March, SPR explained that the highly sensitive PCR tests are prone to producing false-positive results and their predictive value may easily drop below 50%.

Fakty o Covid-19

fakty-o-covid-19

Pełne odniesienia do faktów o Covid-19, dostarczone przez ekspertów w tej dziedzinie, aby pomóc naszym czytelnikom w dokonaniu realistycznej oceny ryzyka. (Codziennie aktualizowane)

Zur Behandlung von Covid-19

zur-behandlung-von-covid-19

Protokoll zur Frühbehandlung von Covid-19.

На Ковид-19

covid-facts-russian

«Единственным средством борьбы с чумой является честность».
Альбер Камю, «Чума» (1947)

Les faits sur le Coronavirus

les-faits-sur-le-coronavirus

Des faits entièrement référencés sur le Covid-19, fournis par des experts en la matière, pour aider nos lecteurs à faire une évaluation réaliste des risques. (Mise à jour quotidienne, voir ci-dessous)

Der Medien-Navigator 2020

medien-navigator

Wie sind deutschsprachige Medien politisch und geopolitisch positioniert? Für den Medien-Navigator wurden insgesamt 80 verschiedene Publikationen untersucht.

Facts about Covid-19

covid19-facts

Fully referenced facts about Covid-19.

Medien in Deutschland

netzwerk-medien-deutschland

Deutsche Medien sind aus historischen Gründen besonders eng in transatlantische Netzwerke eingebunden. Die folgende Infografik gibt einen Überblick über die wichtigsten Akteure und Verbindungen.

Why Covid-19 Is a "Strange Pandemic"

why-covid-19-is-a-strange-pandemic

The Propaganda Multiplier

the-propaganda-multiplier

It is one of the most important aspects of our media system - and yet hardly known to the public: most of the international news coverage in Western media is provided by only three global news agencies based in New York, London and Paris.

SRF: Die Propaganda-Analyse

srf-propaganda-analyse

Geopolitische Propaganda im öffentlichen Rundfunk: Eine Analyse am Beispiel des Schweizer Radio und Fernsehens

Post-Acute Covid ("Long Covid")

post-acute-covid-long-covid

Approximately 10% of people with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection report persistent or recurring Covid symptoms for several weeks or months. This notably includes younger and previously healthy individuals, as well as those whose original covid was mild or moderate (without hospitalization).

Load more

Year

2020 (134)

2019 (30)

2018 (21)

2017 (15)

2016 (16)