Petechia

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Petechia

Other names

Petechiae

Petechia and purpura on the low limb due to medication-induced vasculitis

Pronunciation

petechia /pɪˈtiːkiə/ petechiae /pɪˈtiːkiiː/

Specialty

Rheumatology

A petechia (pl. petechiae) is a small (1–2 mm) red or purple spot on the skin or conjunctiva, caused by a minor bleed from broken capillary blood vessels.[1] The word is derived from Latin 'petigo', meaning ‘scab' or 'eruption’.

Petechia refers to one of the three descriptive types of hematoma differentiated by size, the other two being ecchymosis and purpura. Ecchymosis is defined as hematomas larger than 1 centimetre[1] and purpura as 1–5 millimetres.[2]

The term is almost always used in the plural (petechiae), since a single lesion is seldom noticed or significant.

Contents

1 Causes

1.1 Physical trauma

1.2 Non-infectious conditions

1.3 Infectious conditions

2 Forensic science

3 See also

4 References

5 External links

Causes[edit]

Physical trauma[edit]

The most common cause of petechiae is through physical trauma such as a hard bout of coughing, holding breath, vomiting, or crying, which can result in facial petechiae, especially around the eyes. Such instances are harmless and usually disappear within a few days.

Constriction, Asphyxiation – Petechiae, especially in the eyes, may also occur when excessive pressure is applied to tissue (e.g., when a tourniquet is applied to an extremity or with excessive coughing or vomiting).

Sunburn, childbirth, weightlifting[3]

Gua Sha, a Chinese treatment that scrapes the skin

High-G training

Hickey

Asphyxiation

Choking game

Oral sex[4]

Non-infectious conditions[edit]

Vitamin C deficiency, scurvy[3]

Vitamin K deficiency[3]

Leukemia[3]

Thrombocytopenia – Low platelet counts or diminished platelet function (e.g., as a side effect of medications or during certain infections) can give rise to petechial spots[1]

clotting factor deficiencies – (Von Willebrand disease)

Hypocalcemia

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Coeliac disease

Aplastic anaemia

Lupus

Kwashiorkor or Marasmus – Childhood protein-energy malnutrition

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Henoch–Schönlein purpura

Kawasaki disease

Schamberg disease

Ehlers–Danlos syndrome

Sjögren syndrome – Petechial spots could occur due to vasculitis, an inflammation of the blood vessels. In such a case immediate treatment is needed to prevent permanent damage. Some malignancies can also cause petechiae to appear.

Infectious conditions[edit]

Babesiosis

Bolivian hemorrhagic fever

Boutonneuse fever

Chikungunya

Cerebral malaria

Congenital syphilis

Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever

Cytomegalovirus

Dengue fever

Dukes' disease

Ebola

Endocarditis

Influenza A virus subtype H1N1

Hantavirus

Infectious mononucleosis

Marburg virus

Neisseria meningitidis

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Scarlet fever

Typhus[5]

Streptococcal pharyngitis

Palatal petechiae.

– Petechiae on the soft palate are mainly associated with streptococcal pharyngitis,[6] and as such it is an uncommon but highly specific finding.[7]

Forensic science[edit]

Petechiae on the face and conjunctiva (eyes) are unrelated to asphyxiation or hypoxia.[8]

Despite this, petechiae are used by police investigators in determining whether strangulation has been part of an attack. The documentation of the presence of petechiae on a victim can help police investigators prove the case.[9] Petechiae resulting from strangulation can be relatively tiny and light in color to very bright and pronounced. Petechiae may be seen on the face, in the whites of the eyes or on the inside of the eyelids.

See also[edit]

Purpura, which is the mid-sized type of hematoma (3–10 mm)

Ecchymoses, which is the large type of hematoma (>1 cm)

References[edit]

^ a b c Kumar, Vinay (2017). Robbins Basic Pathology. Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon C.; Perkins, James A. (10th ed.). Philadelphia, PA. p. 101. ISBN 978-0323353175. OCLC 960844656.

^ McKenzie, Shirlyn B. (2014). Clinical Laboratory Hematology. Williams, Joanne Lynne; Landis-Piwowar, Kristin (3rd ed.). Boston, MA. p. 665. ISBN 978-0133076011. OCLC 878098857.

^ a b c d "Causes".

^ Schlesinger, SL; Borbotsina, J; O'Neill, L (September 1975). "Petechial hemorrhages of the soft palate secondary to fellatio". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology. 40 (3): 376–78. doi:10.1016/0030-4220(75)90422-3. PMID 1080847.

^ Grayson MD, Charlotte (2006-09-26). "Typhus". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 2007-11-05.

^ Fact Sheet: Tonsillitis from American Academy of Otolaryngology. "Updated 1/11". Retrieved November 2011

^ Brook I, Dohar JE (December 2006). "Management of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis in children". J Fam Pract. 55 (12): S1–11, quiz S12. PMID 17137534.

^ Ely, Susan F.; Charles S. Hirsch (2000). "Asphyxial deaths and petechiae: a review" (PDF). Journal of Forensic Sciences. 45 (6): 1274–1277. doi:10.1520/JFS14878J. Retrieved 2007-09-22.

^ "Investigating Domestic Violence Strangulation". BlueSheepdog.com. 2007-11-09. Retrieved 12 May 2011.

External links[edit]

Classification

D

ICD-10: R23.3

ICD-9-CM: 782.7

MeSH: D011693

Look up petechia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Petechiae.

v

t

e

Signs and symptoms relating to skin and subcutaneous tissue

Disturbances of
skin sensation

Hypoesthesia

Paresthesia

Formication

Hyperesthesia

Hypoalgesia

Hyperalgesia

Circulation

Cyanosis

Pallor

Livedo

Livedo reticularis

Flushing

Petechia

Blanching

Edema

Peripheral edema

Anasarca

Other

Rash

Desquamation

Induration

Diaphoresis

Mass

Neck mass

Skin

Asboe-Hansen sign

Auspitz's sign

Borsari's sign

Braverman's sign

Crowe sign

Dennie–Morgan fold

Darier's sign

Fitzpatrick's sign

Florid cutaneous papillomatosis

Gottron's sign

Hutchinson's sign

Janeway lesion

Kerr's sign

Koebner's phenomenon

Koplik's spots

Leser-Trelat sign

Nikolsky's sign

Pastia's sign

Russell's sign

Wickham striae

Wolf's isotopic response

Munro's microabscess

Nails

Aldrich-Mees' lines

Beau's lines

Muehrcke's lines

Terry's nails

v

t

e

Disorders of bleeding and clotting

Coagulation  · coagulopathy  · Bleeding diathesis

Clotting

By cause

Clotting factors

Antithrombin III deficiency

Protein C deficiency

Activated protein C resistance

Protein S deficiency

Factor V Leiden

Prothrombin G20210A

Platelets

Sticky platelet syndrome

Thrombocytosis

Essential thrombocythemia

DIC

Purpura fulminans

Antiphospholipid syndrome

Clots

Thrombophilia

Thrombus

Thrombosis

Virchow's triad

Trousseau sign of malignancy

By site

Deep vein thrombosis

Bancroft's sign

Homans sign

Lisker's sign

Louvel's sign

Lowenberg's sign

Peabody's sign

Pratt's sign

Rose's sign

Pulmonary embolism

Renal vein thrombosis

Bleeding

By cause

Thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytopenic purpura: ITP

Evans syndrome

TM

TTP

Upshaw–Schulman syndrome

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

May–Hegglin anomaly

Platelet function

adhesion

Bernard–Soulier syndrome

aggregation

Glanzmann's thrombasthenia

platelet storage pool deficiency

Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome

Gray platelet syndrome

Clotting factor

Hemophilia

A/VIII

B/IX

C/XI

von Willebrand disease

Hypoprothrombinemia/II

Factor VII deficiency

Factor X deficiency

Factor XII deficiency

Factor XIII deficiency

Dysfibrinogenemia

Congenital afibrinogenemia

Signs and symptoms

Bleeding

Bruise

Hematoma

Petechia

Purpura

Nonthrombocytopenic purpura

By site

head

Epistaxis

Hemoptysis

Intracranial hemorrhage

Hyphema

Subconjunctival hemorrhage

torso

Hemothorax

Hemopericardium

Pulmonary hematoma

abdomen

Gastrointestinal bleeding

Hemobilia

Hemoperitoneum

Hematocele

Hematosalpinx

joint

Hemarthrosis

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petechia&oldid=1011961698"

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This page was last edited on 13 March 2021, at 20:40 (UTC).

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